By James F. Panek Jr.
Getting valves and flow meters to work together is sometimes a challenging task within industrial water and wastewater applications. Valves tend to create the kind of irregular media flow patterns in pipelines that make it a real challenge to achieve accurate flow measurement of liquids, gas or steam. That’s why many types of popular liquid flow meters require straight pipe runs. Unfortunately, the nature of the process or the kind of space required for long straight runs of pipe is often an impossible luxury in many of today’s plants (see Figure 1).
Flow Disturbances
Depending on a pipeline’s flowing media (liquid, gas or steam), process pressures and process temperatures, the fluid flow dynamics within a pipeline can vary widely. The ideal pipeline configuration for the accurate measurement of flow with nearly all of the industry’s most popular flow sensors is a straight pipe with consistent media conditions. Many processes by their very nature, however, tend to be unstable and create irregular flows within a pipeline all by themselves.
Plant layouts, especially expansions and retrofits, also tend to create less than optimum pipeline conditions for the measurement of flow. The addition of valves, pumps, elbows and other equipment into the pipeline create media swirling and other effects that can result in irregular flow profiles that will reduce flow meter measurement accuracy and repeatability. That’s why many flow meter manufacturers recommend anywhere from 5-10 or even 20-30 pipe diameters of straight pipe run upstream and downstream of the flow meter - depending on the flow sensing technology in use.
Flow Straightening
While the simple solution is to know your flow meter and its straight pipe run requirements to achieve accurate, consistent measurement, this is often easier said than done. Today’s complex and ever changing industrial processes, the need to treat and conserve water, crowded plant environments where real estate is precious, regulatory requirements and the team involved in running any plant can mean your valve or elbow inevitably intrudes on your flow meter’s turf. Many times, the first sign of the problem is when the flow meter isn’t reading the flow accurately. By then, changing the pipeline layout or moving other devices such as valves is impractical and too costly.
Flow straighteners and conditioners offer an answer to this problem. There are several different types of flow straighteners and conditioners, including perforated plates, tube bundles, etc. The purpose of all flow straighteners and conditioners is to eliminate swirl and provide a stable velocity flow profile. Of course, the ideal time to think about flow conditioning is before the flow meter is installed, so the flow conditioner and flow meter can be calibrated to work together. One drawback to add-on flow conditioners and straighteners is they inevitably increase head loss.
Built-In Conditioning
Another solution to consider is the installation of a flow meter with built-in flow conditioning (see Figure 2). This type of solution offers the advantages of installation flexibility, reduced equipment, simplified installation with potentially fewer pipe penetrations and reduced maintenance requirements. Several manufacturers offer flow meters that include built-in flow conditioning. For example, McCrometer’s V-Cone Flow Meter is a differential-pressure sensing meter with integral flow conditioning that operates within liquids, gas or steam.
The unit’s DP flow sensor conditions fluid flow to provide a stable flow profile that increases accuracy (see Figure 3). The flow sensor’s design features a centrally located cone inside a tube. The cone interacts with the fluid flow and reshapes the velocity profile to create a lower pressure region immediately downstream. The pressure difference, which is exhibited between the static line pressure and the low pressure created downstream of the cone, can be measured via two pressure sensing taps. One tap is placed slightly upstream of the cone and the other is located in the downstream face of the cone itself. The pressure difference can then be incorporated into a derivation of the Bernoulli equation to determine the fluid flow rate.
The cone’s central position in the line optimizes the velocity of the liquid flow at the point of measurement. It forms very short vortices as the flow passes the cone. These short vortices create a low amplitude, high frequency signal for excellent signal stability. The result is a highly stable flow profile for measurement accuracy to +0.5% with +0.1% repeatability over a wide flow range of 10:1. All of this is possible with a minimal straight pipe run of 0 to 3 diameters upstream and 0 to 1 diameters downstream from the flow meter depending upon placement relative to valves and other control devices.
Conclusion
Getting accurate flow measurement with valves, pumps, and other equipment in relatively close proximity is difficult, but achievable. The ideal way to achieve accurate and repeatable flow measurement within industrial water and wastewater applications is to recognize in advance the straight pipe run requirements of the flow sensing technology in use at your plant. When the process, the plant layout or other factors lead to swirl in your pipeline that affects meter performance, then consider either flow conditioners or a flow meter with built-in flow conditioning. IWW
About the Author: James F. Panek Jr. is water and wastewater product manager for McCrometer Inc. McCrometer’s advanced liquid, steam and gas flow measurement solutions solve complex challenges in municipal/industrial water & wastewater, oil & gas, process control & plant, electric power generation, institutional facilities and agriculture. Contact: 800-220-2279 or www.mccrometer.com.
